tia | STROKE MANUAL

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)

ADD-ONS / OTHER VASCULAR DISORDERS Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 21/03/2024, published on 01/02/2024 [toc] AHA guidelines 2021 - Management of CRA occlusion Ocular vascular disorders Ocular vascular disorders Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) anterior (AION) arteritic non-arteritic posterior (PION) Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) → more (the most common retinal vascular ... Read more

Switching of antithrombotic therapy

MEDICATION Switching of antithrombotic therapy David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 14/02/2024, published on 24/01/2024 switching antithrombotic medications must be carefully managed to ensure patient's safety and efficacy factors such as the type of antithrombotic medication, its indication, the patient's medical history, and the reason for switching are crucial in determining the appropriate strategy common reasons for ... Read more

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation

INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 27/01/2024, published on 22/01/2024 [toc] cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common small vessel disease characterized by the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein mainly in the media and adventitia of small- and medium-sized leptomeningeal and cortical blood vessels Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Inflammation (CAA-RI) is ... Read more

Cerebellopontine angle syndrome

GENERAL NEUROLOGY Cerebellopontine angle syndrome David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 12/05/2024, published on 22/01/2024 [toc] the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is the space between the cerebellum and the pons, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) the main structures located in the CPA are: vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) facial nerve (CN VII) pathological processes in this area (most commonly ... Read more

Papilledema

GENERAL NEUROLOGY Papilledema David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 15/03/2024, published on 20/01/2024 [toc] Definition the optic nerve disc (optic nerve head) is the area of the retina where the optic nerve (optic nerve, CN II) originates small, circular, slightly raised area in the retina on ophthalmoscopic examination this area lacks light-sensitive photoreceptor cells this is where ... Read more

Poststroke spasticity

STROKE CONSEQUENCES Poststroke spasticity David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 16/03/2024, published on 14/01/2024 [toc] poststroke spasticity (PSS) is one of the symptoms associated with central (upper) motoneuron lesions studies suggest that ischemic lesions involving the basal ganglia, thalamus, insula, and white matter tracts especially the internal capsule, corona radiata, external capsule, and superior longitudinal fasciculus, are ... Read more

Genetic Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases

ISCHEMIC STROKE Genetic Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 30/12/2023, published on 28/12/2023 [toc] cerebral small vessel diseases (SVDs) encompass a group of disorders that primarily affect the small blood vessels in the brain (small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules) typical SAVD features include leukoencephalopathy, lacunar strokes, and microbleeds the underlying causes of ... Read more

Stroke-related epilepsy (STRE)

ISCHEMIC STROKE Stroke-related epilepsy (STRE) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 27/02/2024, published on 22/12/2023 [toc] stroke, both ischemic and hemorrhagic, is a significant cause of seizures, especially in the elderly stroke accounts for ~ 50% of newly diagnosed seizures among the elderly stroke patients have about an 11.5% risk of single or recurrent seizures in the ... Read more

Muscle strength testing

ADD-ONS / SCALES Muscle strength testing (Oxford scale) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 29/12/2023, published on 16/12/2023 muscle strength testing is typically performed as part of a physical examination; it may provide information about neurological deficits. it may be referred to as motor testing, muscle strength grading, manual muscle testing, or any other synonyms it is ... Read more

Clinical Consequences of Stroke

ISCHEMIC STROKE Clinical Consequences of Stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 15/02/2024, published on 15/12/2023 stroke is associated with a wide range of clinical signs and symptoms resulting disability depends on: the location and extent of the brain lesion → signs and symptoms of cerebral lesions → brainstem syndromes the degree of neurological recovery (influenced by ... Read more