tia | STROKE MANUAL

Varicella zoster virus vasculopathy

ISCHEMIC STROKE / CLASSIFICATION AND ETIOPATHOGENESIS Varicella-zoster virus vasculopathy David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 21/02/2024, published on 20/02/2024 [toc] varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a neurotropic herpesvirus responsible for two distinct clinical conditions: varicella (primary infection) and herpes zoster (reactivation) while the cutaneous manifestation is a well-known aspect of VZV infection, the virus also harbors the potential ... Read more

Stroke and HIV infection

ISCHEMIC STROKE / CLASSIFICATION AND ETIOPATHOGENESIS Stroke and HIV infection David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 21/02/2024, published on 19/02/2024 [toc] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks a group of white blood cells called CD4+ T lymphocytes (also known as helper cells), in which the virus replicates and later kills them, reducing their number in the infected person's ... Read more

Behcet disease

ISCHEMIC STROKE / CLASSIFICATION AND ETIOPATOGENESIS Behçet disease David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 22/02/2024, published on 16/02/2024 [toc] Behçet disease is characterized by the inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis) of multiple organ systems etiology remains unclear; genetic predisposition (HLA-B51), environmental factors, and immune system dysregulation are thought to be involved usual onset between 20-30 years of ... Read more

Bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy

Atrophic tongue in bulbar syndrome due to ALS (Toro, 2014)

GENERAL NEUROLOGY Bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 16/03/2024, published on 04/02/2024 [toc] Bulbar palsy motor disorder, resulting from lesions of CN IX, X, XI (lateral system) and CN XII or their nuclei Clinical Presentation articulation disorder (dysarthria to anarthria, dysphonia) dysphagia (liquids leaking through the nose when drinking, increased risk of aspiration) ... Read more

Prevention of ischemic stroke

ISCHEMIC STROKE Prevention of ischemic stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 25/04/2024, published on 02/02/2024 primary stroke prevention - interventions and measures taken to reduce the risk of stroke in asymptomatic individuals secondary stroke prevention - interventions taken to reduce the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke in individuals who have already suffered a stroke or TIA; ... Read more

Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF)

Direct CCF with rapid filling of ophtalmic veins on DSA

INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE / VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 11/03/2024, published on 01/02/2024 [toc] carotid cavernous fistula is a specific variant of arteriovenous fistula (→ DAVF) - it is defined as a pathological communication between the cavernous sinus (CS) and the internal carotid artery (ICA) or its branches (from either the ... Read more

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)

ADD-ONS / OTHER VASCULAR DISORDERS Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 21/03/2024, published on 01/02/2024 [toc] AHA guidelines 2021 - Management of CRA occlusion Ocular vascular disorders Ocular vascular disorders Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) anterior (AION) arteritic non-arteritic posterior (PION) Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) → more (the most common retinal vascular ... Read more

Switching of antithrombotic therapy

MEDICATION Switching of antithrombotic therapy David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 14/02/2024, published on 24/01/2024 switching antithrombotic medications must be carefully managed to ensure patient's safety and efficacy factors such as the type of antithrombotic medication, its indication, the patient's medical history, and the reason for switching are crucial in determining the appropriate strategy common reasons for ... Read more

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation

INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 27/01/2024, published on 22/01/2024 [toc] cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common small vessel disease characterized by the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein mainly in the media and adventitia of small- and medium-sized leptomeningeal and cortical blood vessels Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Inflammation (CAA-RI) is ... Read more

Papilledema

GENERAL NEUROLOGY Papilledema David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 15/03/2024, published on 20/01/2024 [toc] Definition the optic nerve disc (optic nerve head) is the area of the retina where the optic nerve (optic nerve, CN II) originates small, circular, slightly raised area in the retina on ophthalmoscopic examination this area lacks light-sensitive photoreceptor cells this is where ... Read more