ISCHEMIC STROKE / ACUTE THERAPY

Surgical treatment of an acute ischemic stroke

Created 27/01/2022, last revision 21/04/2023

Emergency carotid endarterectomy (< 24h)

insufficient data on the effectiveness of the method in acute stroke (AHA/ASA 2019 IIb/B-NR)
surgical risk in neurologically unstable patients is increased, but good results were reported in case series; no RCTs are available
can be considered in:
- crescendo TIA/stroke with the initial mild deficit and small ischemic lesion on CT/MRI that is caused by significant stenosis or thrombotic ICA occlusion with presumed hypoperfusion mechanism [Gorlitzer, 2009] [Gajin, 2013]
  - intracranial occlusion (above skull base) must be excluded; it is challenging to differentiate distal ICA thrombosis from blood stagnation without retrograde contrast agent filling
  - CEA indication is supported by the finding of low flows in the MCA and depleted VMR on TCCD and/or significant MR DWI/PWI mismatch
- acute surgical revision of thrombosed ICA after recent CEA (in the absence of intracranial thromboembolic occlusion)
the acuteness of carotid occlusion can be assessed by CTP or ultrasound [Herzig, 2011]

in case of simultaneous severe carotid stenosis/occlusion and intracranial occlusion, mechanical embolectomy should be performed (if the relevant criteria are met)
after a successful intracranial embolectomy, it is possible to proceed with:
- emergency CAS (⇒ issue with antiplatelet therapy arises in the thrombolysed patients)
- emergency carotid angioplasty to achieve recanalization with delayed stenting of the adequately medically prepared patient or early CEA
- emergency CEA (Slawski, 2018)