stroke | STROKE MANUAL

Balloon Test Occlusion (BTO)

NEUROIMAGING / DSA Balloon Test Occlusion (BTO) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 16/03/2024, published on 29/04/2021 [toc] acute internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion is associated with a high risk of ischemic neurological deficits (20-49%) (Seet, 2012) in a meta-analysis of 20 studies of patients with ICA occlusion, the annual risk of stroke was 5.5% (2.1% ipsilateral). ... Read more

Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (DSA)

INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE / VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 29/02/2024, published on 23/04/2021 [toc] brain AVMs are congenital developmental defects (present in about 1.4-4% of the population); they are likely to grow over time ( AVMs are diagnosed at a mean age of 31 years) there is an AD form of ... Read more

Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF)

Monitoring of the external carotid artery (ECA) during retroauricular compression of the feeding occipital artery

INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE / VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 29/02/2024, published on 21/04/2021 [toc] dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is characterized by abnormal connections (shunts) between an artery and a vein; DAVF typically presents with tinnitus, hemorrhage, or venous hypertension DAVF accounts for ∼ 10-15% of vascular malformations and most commonly affects ... Read more

Etiology and clinical presentation of intracerebral hemorrhage

Typical locations of bleeding in hypertensive patients

INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE Etiology and clinical presentation of intracerebral hemorrhage David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 21/03/2024, published on 16/04/2021 [toc] intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is characterized by spontaneous rupture of blood vessels within the cerebral parenchyma, leading to focal hematoma formation and subsequent mass effect ICH accounts for approx. 10-20% of all strokes the 30-day mortality is up ... Read more

Risk and prevention of bleeding in anticoagulant therapy

INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE Risk and prevention of bleeding in anticoagulant therapy David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 11/12/2023, published on 15/04/2021 [toc] anticoagulant therapy is associated with an increased risk of clinically significant bleeding however, antiplatelet therapy is not a safe and effective substitute (as evidenced by the AVERROES trial) specific scales can be used to assess ... Read more

Anatomy of cerebral veins and dural sinuses

ADD-ONS / ANATOMY Anatomy of cerebral veins and sinuses David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 08/05/2024, published on 09/04/2021 [toc] Classification venous blood is drained from the brain by a system of cerebral veins (vv. cerebri), which are emptied into dural sinuses and cervical veins (internal jugular veins and vertebral veins) Cerebral veins deep cerebral veins thalamostriate ... Read more

General therapy and acute anticoagulation in cerebral venous thrombosis

Hemorrhagic infarction in thrombosis of the left transverse and sigmoid sinus

CEREBRAL VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS General therapy and acute anticoagulation in cerebral venous thrombosis David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 12/03/2024, published on 08/04/2021 [toc] in the acute phase, the patient should be monitored in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) order bed rest with the upper body slightly elevated initiate general therapy and acute anticoagulation investigate and treat ... Read more

Clinical presentation and etiology of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

CEREBRAL VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS Clinical presentation and etiology of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 12/03/2024, published on 07/04/2021 [toc] Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: AHA Scientific Statement (2024) Introduction cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) refers to the presence of a thrombus in the dural venous sinuses and/or cerebral veins, which ... Read more

Superficial siderosis

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE Superficial siderosis David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 11/03/2024, published on 06/04/2021 [toc] cerebral superficial siderosis (SS) is a rare condition characterized by the deposition of hemosiderin (hemoglobin breakdown product) in the subarachnoid space (SA) on the surface of the brain and spinal cord, regardless of etiology its exact prevalence is not well-established due to ... Read more

Nontraumatic convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE Nontraumatic convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 18/02/2024, published on 06/04/2021 [toc] Definition non-traumatic spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage at the convexity (non-traumatic convexal SAH - cSAH) is defined as a collection of blood in one or more adjacent sulci, in the absence of SAH in another localization it is relatively rare, but ... Read more