dwi | STROKE MANUAL

Overview of imaging modalities for an Acute Stroke

E-CTA (Brainomix) shows the left ICA and MCA occlusion

IMAGING METHODS Overview of imaging modalities for an Acute Stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 06/11/2023, published on 14/09/2023 historically, neuroimaging in patients with acute-onset neurological deficits has been used primarily to exclude hemorrhagic and nonvascular etiologies (e.g., neoplastic, infectious, etc.). over time, neuroimaging has become an essential part of acute stroke management and is used ... Read more

Spinal cord vascular disorders

ADD-ONS / OTHER VASCULAR DISORDERS Spinal cord vascular disorders David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 01/02/2024, published on 14/07/2023 [toc] Spinal cord vascular disorders usually present as neurologic emergencies and cause significant morbidity. Vascular causes include infarction, hemorrhage, and manifestation of various malformations. In the case of sudden lower limb paraparesis or tetraparesis, urgent imaging studies are ... Read more

Vasospasms after subarachnoid hemorrhage

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE Vasospasms after subarachnoid hemorrhage David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 14/03/2024, published on 11/07/2023 [toc] vasospasms (VSPs) in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are provoked by blood in the subarachnoid space. The breakdown products lead to changes in the arterial wall involving cytokines, inflammatory response, free radical production, and others ⇒ arterial contraction or structural changes with ... Read more

Vascular risk factors

ISCHEMIC STROKE / PREVENTION Vascular risk factors David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 11/04/2024, published on 26/06/2023 [toc] The early detection and management of cardiovascular risk factors is crucial for effective primary and secondary stroke prevention Overview of cardiovascular risk factors Vascular risk factors Non-modifiable risk factors (cannot be changed) previous stroke person’s age older people have ... Read more

Ischemic penumbra

ISCHEMIC STROKE Ischemic penumbra David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 24/04/2024, published on 20/06/2023 [toc] Concept of ischemic penumbra the extent of brain damage during a stroke depends on the severity and duration of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) disorder → Regulation of cerebral blood flow within the ischemic area, two major zones of injury are identified ... Read more

Malignant cerebral infarction

ISCHEMIC STROKE / COMPLICATIONS Malignant Cerebral Infarction David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 20/04/2024, published on 20/06/2023 [toc] AHA/ASA Guidelines 2014 Definition malignant cerebral infarction = extensive infarction with significant space-occupying edema typically occurs in young patients with large vessel occlusion (ICA and MCA), posterior circulation strokes (mainly cerebellar infarcts), and unsuccessful revascularization (Hawkes, 2024) traditionally associated with ... Read more

Vertebrobasilar stroke

ISCHEMIC STROKE Vertebrobasilar stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 24/03/2024, published on 20/06/2023 [toc] posterior circulation strokes account for 20-25% (range 17-40%) of ischemic strokes posterior (vertebrobasilar) circulation includes the vertebral (extra- and intracranial), basilar, and posterior cerebral arteries, as well as their branches it supplies the posterior regions of the brain (brainstem, thalamus, cerebellum, and ... Read more

Topical diagnosis of stroke

ISCHEMIC STROKE Topical diagnosis of stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 23/02/2024, published on 20/06/2023 [toc] Topical diagnosis in stroke refers to the localization of ischemia within the brain based on clinical signs and symptoms and neuroimaging. This approach helps to differentiate between different stroke subtypes, such as cortical versus subcortical strokes, or to identify specific ... Read more

General management of acute stroke patients

GENERAL THERAPY General management of acute stroke patients David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 21/02/2024, published on 20/06/2023 [toc] the management of acute stroke patients includes diagnosis and specific stroke treatment (recanalization, surgery, etc.) management and prevention of general medical problems similar for all types of stroke (ischemic x hemorrhagic) cardiac and pulmonary care, restoration of fluid ... Read more

Cerebral cavernous malformation

INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE / VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS Cerebral cavernous malformation David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 22/03/2024, published on 20/06/2023 [toc] Definiton cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a well-circumscribed accumulation of dilated, thin-walled vessels that affect the brain only a layer of endothelium and subendothelial stroma is present; smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers are absent the pathogenesis of ... Read more