TOAST classification of stroke

TOAST classification of stroke etiology
ADD-ONS / SCALES TOAST classification of stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 21/03/2024, published on 28/12/2022 the exact etiology of ischemic stroke has implications for both prognosis and management a classification system for ischemic stroke subtype, mainly based on etiology, was developed for the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) the TOAST classification ... Read more

SSS-TOAST classification

TOAST classification of stroke etiology
ISCHEMIC STROKE / CLASSIFICATION SSS-TOAST CLASSIFICATION OF ISCHEMIC STROKE David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 05/11/2023, published on 26/09/2022 the SSS-TOAST classification is an evidence-based classification algorithm that reflects advancements in stroke imaging and epidemiology [Ay, 2005] based on specific clinical and imaging criteria, each TOAST subtype is further categorized into one of three subcategories: "certain," "probable," ... Read more

Capsular warning syndrome

Internal capsule pathways
ADD-ONS / GENERAL NEUROLOGY Capsular warning syndrome David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 08/03/2024, published on 01/03/2024 [toc] Introduction internal capsule syndrome is characterized by disruption of the vertical connection between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures the term Capsular Warning Syndrome (CWS) is defined by at least three stereotyped episodes of motor lacunar syndrome (MLS) or ... Read more

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Express trial
ISCHEMIC STROKE Transient ischemic attack (TIA) David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 20/03/2024, published on 29/12/2023 [toc] 2021 ESO guidelines on the management of transient ischemic attack (TIA) Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a medical emergency despite its seemingly mild course, TIA is a serious predictor of subsequent ischemic stroke and death following TIA, the risk of ... Read more

Topical diagnosis of stroke

Topical diagnosis of stroke
ISCHEMIC STROKE Topical diagnosis of stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 23/02/2024, published on 20/06/2023 [toc] Topical diagnosis in stroke refers to the localization of ischemia within the brain based on clinical signs and symptoms and neuroimaging. This approach helps to differentiate between different stroke subtypes, such as cortical versus subcortical strokes, or to identify specific ... Read more

Bamford/Oxford classification of ischemic stroke

Occlusion of the superior M2 branch of the MCA
ISCHEMIC STROKE / CLASSIFICATION Bamford/Oxford classification of ischemic stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 26/10/2023, published on 11/05/2023 the Bamford classification (also known as the Oxford classification) categorizes ischemic stroke based on the initial presenting symptoms and clinical signs. This system is based on clinical findings alone and does not require imaging to classify the stroke ... Read more

Hematologic disorders associated with ischemic stroke

Virchow's triad
ISCHEMIC STROKE / CLASSIFICATION AND ETIOLOGY Hematologic disorders associated with ischemic stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 11/01/2024, published on 02/05/2023 [toc] hematologic disorders cause a relatively small proportion of all ischemic strokes (∼ 1% in the general population and ∼ 4% in young patients) in contrast to cerebral venous thrombosis, the relationship between coagulation abnormalities ... Read more

Etiologic classification of ischemic stroke

ISCHEMIC STROKE / CLASSIFICATION AND ETIOLOGY Etiologic classification of ischemic stroke David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 24/03/2024, published on 19/04/2023 [toc] individualized stroke prevention is based on the presumed underlying etiology ( patients with symptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis can be treated with CEA, while patients with cardioembolic infarcts caused by AFib are treated with anticoagulants) the use ... Read more

Aortic arch atherosclerosis

Aortic arch atherosclerosis on CTA
ISCHEMIC STROKE / ETIOPATHOGENESIS Aortic arch atherosclerosis David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 06/11/2023, published on 16/04/2023 [toc] Anatomy the aorta is the main and largest artery in the human body it originates from the left ventricle and extends down to the abdomen, where it branches into the common iliac arteries and a small median sacral artery ... Read more

Dyslipidemia

Xanthelasma
ISCHEMIC STROKE / PREVENTION Dyslipidemia David Goldemund M.D.Updated on 13/03/2024, published on 20/02/2023 [toc] 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk Definition of dyslipidemia the previously used term hyperlipidemia is now replaced by the broader term dyslipoproteinemia or dyslipidemia (DLP), which better reflects the fact that the pathology ... Read more

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